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French-speaking region of Belgium

Place in Belgium

Wallonia

Wallonie (French)
Wallonie (German)

Wallonië (Dutch)
Walonreye (Walloon)
Wallounien (Luxembourgish)

Flag of Wallonia

Flag

Coat of arms of Wallonia

Coat of arms
Canticle: Le Dirge des Wallons
("The song of the Walloons")
Location of Wallonia
Location of Wallonia
Coordinates: fifty°30′0'N, 4°45′ 0″ E
Country Kingdom of belgium
Community
  • French Community
  • German language Customs
Majuscule Namur
Government
 • Executive Government of Wallonia
 • Governing parties (2019) PS, MR, Ecolo
 • Minister-President Elio Di Rupo (PS)
 • Legislature Parliament of Wallonia
 • Speaker Jean-Claude Marcourt (PS)
Area

[one]

 • Total 16,901 km2 (6,526 sq mi)
Population

(one January 2019)[two]

 • Total iii,633,795
 • Density 220/km2 (560/sq mi)
Demonym(s) Walloons
Demographics
 • Languages French
German (in the German-speaking Community of Kingdom of belgium)
Dutch (in municipalities with linguistic communication facilities)[3]
Walloon
ISO 3166 code BE-WAL
Celebration Twenty-four hour period Third Sunday of September
Most populous city Charleroi
Website www.wallonie.exist

Wallonia (; French: Wallonie [walɔni]; Walloon: Waloneye; German: Wallonien [vaˈloːni̯ən] ( listen ) or Wallonie [valoˈniː]; Dutch: Wallonië [ʋɑˈloːnijə] ( heed )) is 1 of the three regions of Kingdom of belgium—along with Flemish region and Brussels.[4]

Covering the southern portion of the country, Wallonia is primarily French-speaking, and accounts for 55% of Kingdom of belgium'due south territory, simply only a third of its population. The Walloon Region and the French Community of Belgium, which is the political entity responsible for matters related mainly to culture and didactics, are contained concepts, considering the French Customs of Belgium encompasses both Wallonia and the bilingual Brussels-Uppercase Region.

There is a German-speaking minority in eastern Wallonia, resulting from the annexation of three cantons previously part of the High german Empire at the decision of World State of war I. This community represents less than i%[five] of the Belgian population. It forms the German-speaking Community of Belgium, which has its own government and parliament for culture-related issues.

During the industrial revolution, Wallonia was second only to the Great britain in industrialization, capitalizing on its extensive deposits of coal and iron. This brought the region wealth, and from the kickoff of the 19th to the center of the 20th century, Wallonia was the more prosperous half of Belgium. Since Earth State of war 2, the importance of heavy industry has greatly macerated, and the Flemish Region has exceeded Wallonia in wealth as Wallonia has declined economically. Wallonia now suffers from high unemployment and has a significantly lower GDP per capita than Flanders. The economical inequalities and linguistic carve up between the two are major sources of political conflicts in Belgium and a major factor in Flemish separatism.

The capital letter of Wallonia is Namur, and the about populous metropolis is Charleroi. Most of Wallonia'due south major cities and 2-thirds of its population lie along the east–west aligned Sambre and Meuse valley, the former industrial courage of Belgium. To the northward of this valley, Wallonia lies on the Central Belgian Plateau, which, like Flanders, is a relatively flat and agriculturally fertile area. The south and southeast of Wallonia is made upward of the Ardennes, an area of forested highland that is less densely populated.

Wallonia borders Flemish region and the Netherlands (the province of Limburg) in the north, France (One thousand Est and Hauts-de-France) to the south and west, and Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate) and Luxembourg (Capellen, Clervaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Redange and Wiltz) to the east. Wallonia has been a member of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie since 1980.

Terminology [edit]

The term "Wallonia" can mean slightly different things in dissimilar contexts. I of the three federal regions of Belgium is withal constitutionally defined as the "Walloon Region" as opposed to "Wallonia", only the regional government has renamed itself Wallonia, and information technology is ordinarily called Wallonia.[six] [7] Preceding 1 April 2010, when the renaming came into effect, Wallonia would sometimes refer to the territory governed by the Walloon Region, whereas Walloon Region referred specifically to the government. In practice, the divergence between the two terms is small and what is meant is commonly clear, based on context.

Wallonia is a cognate of terms such equally Wales, Cornwall and Wallachia,[viii] [nine] [x] ultimately also related to words Celt and Belgae, phonetically evolved over centuries.[xi] The Germanic word Walha, meaning the strangers, referred to Gallic or Celtic people. Wallonia is named afterwards the Walloons, a group of locals who natively speak Romance languages. In Middle Dutch (and French), the term Walloons included both historical "secular" Walloon kingdoms and principalities, as well as the French-speaking population of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège[12] or the whole population of the Romanic sprachraum inside the medieval Low Countries.

History [edit]

Julius Caesar conquered Gaul in 57 BC. The Low Countries became function of the larger Gallia Belgica province which originally stretched from southwestern Germany to Normandy and the southern part of kingdom of the netherlands. The population of this territory was Celtic with a Germanic influence which was stronger in the n than in the south of the province. Gallia Belgica became progressively romanized. The ancestors of the Walloons became Gallo-Romans and were called the "Walha" by their Germanic neighbours. The "Walha" abandoned their Celtic dialects and started to speak Vulgar Latin.[14]

The Merovingian Franks gradually gained control of the region during the 5th century, nether Clovis. Due to the fragmentation of the former Roman Empire, Vulgar Latin regionally adult along different lines and evolved into several langue d'oïl dialects, which in Wallonia became Picard, Walloon and Lorrain.[14] The oldest surviving text written in a langue d'oïl, the Sequence of Saint Eulalia, has characteristics of these 3 languages and was likely written in or very near to what is at present Wallonia around 880 Advertizement.[13] From the 4th to the 7th century, the Franks established several settlements, probably generally in the north of the province where the romanization was less advanced and some Germanic trace was still present. The linguistic communication border (that at present splits Belgium in the eye) began to crystallize betwixt 700 under the reign of the Merovingians and Carolingians and effectually 1000 after the Ottonian Renaissance.[15] French-speaking cities, with Liège equally the largest one, appeared along the Meuse, while Gallo-Roman cities such every bit Tongeren, Maastricht and Aachen became Germanized.

The Carolingian dynasty dethroned the Merovingians in the 8th century. In 843, the Treaty of Verdun gave the territory of present-day Wallonia to Middle Francia, which would shortly fragment, with the region passing to Lotharingia. On Lotharingia'southward breakdown in 959, the present-twenty-four hours territory of Kingdom of belgium became part of Lower Lotharingia, which then fragmented into rival principalities and duchies by 1190. Literary Latin, which was taught in schools, lost its hegemony during the 13th century and was replaced by Old French.[fourteen]

In the 15th century, the Dukes of Burgundy took over the Low Countries. The death of Charles the Bold in 1477 raised the issue of succession, and the Liégeois took advantage of this to regain some of their autonomy.[xiv] From the 16th to the 18th century, the Depression Countries were governed successively by the Habsburg dynasty of Kingdom of spain (from the early 16th century until 1713–fourteen) and later by Austria (until 1794). This territory was enlarged in 1521–22 when Charles 5, Holy Roman Emperor gained the Tournai region from France.[fourteen]

Present-day Belgium was conquered in 1795 by the France during the French Revolutionary Wars. It was annexed to the Republic, which later became the Napoleonic Empire. Subsequently the Battle of Waterloo, Wallonia became part of the Kingdom of holland under King William of Orange.[fourteen] The Walloons played an agile part in the Belgian Revolution in 1830. The Provisional Regime of Belgium proclaimed Belgium'due south independence and held elections for the National Congress.[14]

Belgian catamenia [edit]

Mons fusillade on 17 April 1893

In the 19th century, the area began to industrialize, and Wallonia was the get-go fully industrialized area in continental Europe.[16] This brought the region great economic prosperity, which was not mirrored in poorer Flanders and the result was a large amount of Flemish immigration to Wallonia. Belgium was divided into 2 divergent communities. On the one hand, the very Catholic Flemish social club was characterized by an economy centered on agriculture; on the other hand, Wallonia was the center of the continental European Industrial Revolution, where classical liberal and socialist movements were quickly emerging.[17] Major strikes and general strikes took place in Wallonia, including the Walloon jacquerie of 1886, the Belgian general strikes of 1893, 1902, 1913 (for universal suffrage), 1932 (depicted in Misère au Borinage), and 1936. After World State of war II, major strikes included the general strike against Leopold Three of Belgium (1950), and the 1960-1961 Winter General Strike for autonomy for Wallonia.

The profitability of the heavy industries to which Wallonia owed its prosperity started declining in the first half of the 20th century, and the middle of industrial activeness shifted due north to Flanders. The loss of prosperity acquired social unrest, and Wallonia sought greater autonomy in order to address its economical problems. In the wake of the 1960-1961 Winter General Strike, the process of state reform in Belgium got underway. This reform started partly with the linguistic laws of 1962–63, which divers the four language areas within the constitution. Just the strikes of 1960 which took place in Wallonia more than in Flanders are not principally linked with the four language areas nor with the Communities but with the Regions. In 1968, the conflict betwixt the communities outburst out. French speakers in Flanders (who were non necessarily Walloons) were driven out of, near notably the Leuven-based Cosmic Academy amid shouts of "Walen buiten!" ("Walloons out!"). After a formal split of the university in two and the cosmos of a brand new campus in Wallonia,[17] a wider serial of State reforms was passed in Belgium, which resulted in the federalisation of the nation and the cosmos of the Walloon Region and the French Community (comprising both Wallonia and Brussels), authoritative entities each of which would proceeds various levels of considerable autonomy.

Geography [edit]

The natural regions of Belgium

Wallonia is landlocked, with an area of 16,901 km2 (6,526 sq mi), or 55 percent of the total area of Kingdom of belgium. The Sambre and Meuse valley, from Liège (70 chiliad (230 ft)) to Charleroi (120 m (390 ft)) is an entrenched river in a fault line which separates Middle Belgium (peak 100–200 chiliad (330–660 ft)) and High Belgium (200–700 k (660–2,300 ft)). This mistake line corresponds to a part of the southern coast of the late London-Brabant Massif. The valley, along with Haine and Vesdre valleys form the sillon industriel, the historical centre of the Belgian coalmining and steelmaking industry, and is also called the Walloon industrial backbone. Due to their long industrial historic tape, several segments of the valley take received specific names: Borinage, around Mons, le Eye, effectually La Louvière, the Pays noir, around Charleroi and the Basse-Sambre, almost Namur.

To the n of the Sambre and Meuse valley lies the Cardinal Belgian plateau, which is characterized past intensive agriculture. The Walloon part of this plateau is traditionally divided into several regions: Walloon Brabant effectually Nivelles, Western Hainaut (French: Wallonie picarde, effectually Tournai), and Hesbaye effectually Waremme. South of the sillon industriel, the land is more rugged and is characterized by more than extensive farming. It is traditionally divided into the regions of Entre-Sambre-et-Meuse, Condroz, Fagne-Famenne, the Ardennes and State of Herve, as well as the Belgian Lorraine around Arlon and Virton. Dividing information technology into Condroz, Famenne, Calestienne, Ardennes (including Thiérache), and Belgian Lorraine (which includes the Gaume) is more reflective of the physical geography. The larger region, the Ardennes, is a thickly forested plateau with caves and small gorges. Information technology is host to much of Belgium's wildlife merely little agronomical chapters. This surface area extends westward into French republic and eastward to the Eifel in Deutschland via the High Fens plateau, on which the Signal de Botrange forms the highest betoken in Belgium at 694 metres (2,277 ft).

Subdivisions [edit]

The Walloon region covers 16,901 kmii (6,526 sq mi) and is divided into five provinces, 20 arrondissements and 262 cities or municipalities.

Province Majuscule city Population
(1 January 2019) [2] 		Expanse[1] Density
1 Hainaut (Henegouwen) Mons (Bergen) 1,344,241 3,813 kmii (one,472 sq mi) 353/km2 (910/sq mi)
2 Liège (Luik) Liège (Luik) one,106,992 iii,857 km2 (i,489 sq mi) 288/km2 (750/sq mi)
three Grand duchy of luxembourg (Luxemburg) Arlon (Aarlen) 284,638 iv,459 km2 (1,722 sq mi) 64/km2 (170/sq mi)
4 Namur (Namen) Namur (Namen) 494,325 3,675 km2 (ane,419 sq mi) 135/kmii (350/sq mi)
5 Walloon Brabant (Waals-Brabant) Wavre (Waver) 403,599 one,097 kmtwo (424 sq mi) 368/km2 (950/sq mi)

The province of Walloon Brabant is the well-nigh recent one, beingness formed in 1995 after the splitting of the province of Brabant.

View of Liège with the Meuse

Cities [edit]

The largest cities in Wallonia are:[18]

  • Charleroi (204,146)
  • Liège (195,790)
  • Namur (110,428)
  • Mons (92,529)
  • La Louvière (81,138)
  • Tournai (69,792)
  • Seraing (63,500)
  • Verviers (56,596)
  • Mouscron (55,687)
  • Herstal (38,969)
  • Braine-l'Alleud (38,748)
  • Châtelet (36,131)

The 10 largest groups of foreign residents in 2018 are:

Italy 98,682
France 81,148
Germany sixteen,815
Morocco sixteen,275
Spain xvi,040
Romania 14,181
Portugal 11,340
Turkey 9,112
Netherlands seven,534
Democratic Republic of Congo 6,699

Science and technology [edit]

Contributions to the evolution of science and technology have appeared since the beginning of the country's history. The baptismal font of Renier de Huy is not the only example of medieval Walloon technical expertise: the words "houille" (coal)[19] or "houilleur" (coal miner) or "grisou" (clammy) were coined in Wallonia and are Walloon in origin.

The economically of import very deep coal mining in the course of the First Industrial Revolution has required highly reputed specialized studies for mining engineers. Only that was already the example before the Industrial Revolution, with an engineer every bit Rennequin Sualem for example.

Engineer Zenobe Gramme invented the Gramme dynamo, the first generator to produce power on a commercial scale for industry. Chemist Ernest Solvay gave his name to the Solvay process for production of soda ash, an important chemical for many industrial uses. Ernest Solvay too acted equally a major philanthropist and gave its name to the Solvay Establish of Folklore, the Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management and the International Solvay Institutes for Physics and Chemical science which are now part of the Université libre de Bruxelles. In 1911, he started a serial of conferences, the Solvay Conferences on Physics and Chemical science, which accept had a deep bear on on the evolution of quantum physics and chemistry.

Georges Lemaître of the Université catholique de Louvain is credited with proposing the Big Blindside theory of the origin of the universe in 1927.

Three Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine were awarded to Walloons: Jules Bordet (Université libre de Bruxelles) in 1919, Albert Claude (ULB) together with Christian De Duve (UCLouvain) in 1974.

In the nowadays day, Bureau Greisch has caused an international reputation as consulting engineer and architect in the fields of structures, civil engineering and buildings, including the Millau Viaduct in French republic.

Economy [edit]

Wallonia is rich in iron and coal, and these resources and related industries have played an important role in its history. In ancient times, the Sambre and Meuse valley was an important industrial area in the Roman Empire. In the Center Ages, Wallonia became a center for brass working and statuary working, with Huy, Dinant and Chimay being important regional centers. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the iron masters of Liège developed a method of refining fe ore past the employ of a boom furnace, chosen the Walloon Method. There were also a few coal mines effectually Charleroi and the Borinage during this period, but their output was small-scale, and was principally consumed as fuel by various industries such as the of import glassmaking industry that sprang upward in the Charleroi bowl during the 14th century.[20]

In the 19th century, the area began to industrialize, mainly along the so-called sillon industriel. Information technology was the offset fully industrialized expanse in continental Europe,[16] and Wallonia was the second industrial power in the globe, in proportion to its population and its territory, afterwards the Britain.[21] The sole industrial middle in Kingdom of belgium exterior the collieries and blast furnaces of Wallonia was the historic cloth making town of Ghent.[22]

The ii World Wars curbed the continuous expansion that Wallonia had enjoyed up till that time. Towards the end of the 1950s, things began to modify dramatically. The factories of Wallonia were by then antiquated, the coal was running out and the cost of extracting coal was constantly rising. Information technology was the end of an era, and Wallonia has been making efforts to redefine itself. The restoration of economical development is high on the political calendar, and the regime is encouraging development of industries, notably in cutting-edge technology and in concern parks.[23] The economic system is improving,[24] but Wallonia is not nevertheless at the level of Flanders and is however suffering from difficulties.

The give-and-take spa comes from the healing hot springs of Spa in the Ardennes. Tourism is an important part of the economy of Wallonia.[25]

The current Walloon economic system is relatively diversified, although certain areas (especially around Charleroi and Liège) are still suffering from the steel industry crunch, with an unemployment rate of up to 30 percent. Nonetheless, Wallonia has some companies which are world leaders in their specialized fields, including armaments, glass production,[26] lime and limestone production,[27] cyclotrons[28] and aviation parts.[29] The south of Wallonia, adjoining Luxembourg, benefits from its neighbour's economic prosperity, with many Belgians working on the other side of the border; they are often called frontaliers. The Ardennes expanse south of the Meuse is a popular tourist destination for its nature and outdoor sports, in add-on to its cultural heritage, with places such as Bastogne, Dinant, Durbuy, and the famous hot springs of Spa.

The Gdp (GDP) of the region was 105.7 billion € in 2018, bookkeeping for 23% of Belgian economic output. Gross domestic product per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 25,700 € or 85% of the EU27 average in the aforementioned year.[30]

Politics and regime [edit]

Belgium is a federal state made up of three communities and 3 regions, each with considerable autonomy. One of these is the Walloon Region, which is governed past the Parliament of Wallonia and the executive Government of Wallonia. The Walloon Region'due south autonomy extends even to foreign policy; Wallonia is entitled to pursue its own foreign policy, including the signing of treaties, and in many domains, even the Belgian federal government is not able to sign an international treaty without the agreement of the Parliament of Wallonia.

Wallonia is also home to about 80 percent of the population of the French Community of Belgium, a political level responsible for matters related mainly to civilization and pedagogy, with the remainder living in Brussels. Wallonia is also dwelling to the minor German language-speaking Community of Belgium in the east, which has its ain government and parliament for civilisation-related issues. Although in Flanders, the Flemish Region assigned all of its powers to the Flemish Community, the Walloon Region remains in principle distinct from and contained from the French Community, and vice versa. Despite this, the French Community's parliament is almost entirely composed of members of Wallonia'south and Brussels' parliaments, so the bodies are governed by the aforementioned individuals. Additionally, the French Community of Kingdom of belgium has controversially begun referring to itself exclusively equally the 'Wallonia-Brussels Federation' to emphasize the links between the French Community, Wallonia and Brussels.

The Walloon Region has a unicameral parliament with 75 members elected for 5 years by straight universal suffrage, and an executive, the Regime of Wallonia, elected past a political bulk in Parliament. The Government numbers nine members with the president. Each member is chosen a Walloon minister. The head of the Authorities is called the Government minister-President of Wallonia. The coalition regime for the 2014–2019 legislature was a center-left coalition PS-cdH until July 28 when it was replaced past a center-left coalition MR-cdH. The electric current Government minister-President is Elio Di Rupo.

History of Walloon autonomy [edit]

"From 1831, the yr of Belgium's independence, until the federalization of the country in 1970, Wallonia has increasingly asserted itself as a region in its own correct."[31] Post-obit several country reforms, especially the 1993 state reform, Kingdom of belgium became a federal country made upwardly of three communities and three regions, with Wallonia being represented by the Walloon Region and its two linguistic communication communities. The directly elected Walloon Parliament was created in June 1995, replacing the Conseil régional wallon (Regional Council of Wallonia). The outset Quango had sat on fifteen October 1980 and was equanimous of members of the Belgian Bedroom of Representatives and the Belgian Senate elected in Wallonia.

Symbols [edit]

A carmine rooster is the main symbol of Wallonia

The get-go appearance of the French give-and-take Wallonie as a reference to the romance world as opposed to Germany is said to date from 1842.[32] Two years later on, it was beginning used to refer to the Romance part of the young land of Belgium.[33] In 1886, the writer and Walloon militant Albert Mockel, first used the word with a political meaning of cultural and regional affirmation,[34] in opposition with the word Flanders used by the Flemish Motility. The word had previously appeared in High german and Latin every bit early on as the 17th century.[35]

The rising of a Walloon identity led the Walloon Movement to choose unlike symbols representing Wallonia. The main symbol is the "bold rooster" (French: coq hardi), too named "Walloon rooster" (French: coq wallon, Walloon: cok walon), which is widely used, particularly on arms and flags. The rooster was chosen every bit an emblem by the Walloon Assembly on 20 April 1913, and designed past Pierre Paulus on 3 July 1913.[36] [ amend source needed ] The Flag of Wallonia features the crimson rooster on a xanthous groundwork.

An anthem, Le Dirge des Wallons (The Walloons' Song), written by Theophile Bovy in 1900 and composed past Louis Hillier in 1901, was also adopted. On September 21, 1913, the "national" feast day of Wallonia took place for the beginning fourth dimension in Verviers, commemorating the participation of Walloons during the Belgian Revolution of 1830. Information technology is held annually on the tertiary Sunday of September. The Assembly too chose a motto for Wallonia, "Walloon Forever" (Walloon: Walon todi), and a weep, "Liberty" (French: Liberté). In 1998, the Walloon Parliament made all these symbols official except the motto and the cry.

Religion [edit]

The population of Wallonia is predominantly of Christian heritage. In 2016, 68% of residents of Wallonia declared themselves to be Roman Catholic (21% were practising Catholics and 47% were non-practising), 3% were Muslim, three% were Protestant Christian, i% were of other religions and 25% were non-religious.[37]

Faith in Wallonia (2016)[37]

 Non-religious (25%)

 Other religion (i%)

Languages [edit]

A linguistic map of Wallonia. Note that in all areas, except the German language-speaking part, French is currently the dominant language.

Official languages [edit]

French is by far the primary language of Wallonia and holds official status; in the East Cantons, German language is also official.[38] The German-speaking Community of Belgium accounts for about 2% of the region's population. Belgian French, which is also spoken in the Brussels-Capital Region, is like to that spoken in France, with slight differences in pronunciation and some vocabulary differences, notably the use of the words septante (70) and nonante (90), as opposed to soixante-dix and quatre-vingt-dix in France.

There are noticeable Walloon accents, with the accent from Liège and its environs beingness perhaps the well-nigh striking. Other regions of Wallonia also have characteristic accents, ofttimes linked to the regional language.

Regional languages [edit]

Walloons traditionally likewise speak regional Romance languages, all from the Langues d'oïl grouping. Wallonia includes almost all of the area where Walloon is spoken, a Picard zone corresponding to the major part of the Hainaut Province, the Gaume (commune of Virton) with the Lorrain language and a Champenois zone. At that place are also regional Germanic languages, such as the Luxembourgish language in Arelerland (State of Arlon). The regional languages of Wallonia are more important than in France, and they have been officially recognized by the government. With the evolution of education in French, however, these dialects have been in continual pass up. In that location is currently an endeavor to revive Walloon dialects; some schools offer language courses in Walloon, and Walloon is as well spoken in some radio programmes, only this effort remains very limited.

Civilisation [edit]

Literature [edit]

In Walloon [edit]

Literature is written principally in French but as well in Walloon and other regional languages, colloquially chosen Walloon literature. Walloon literature (regional language not French) has been printed since the 16th century. But it did have its golden age, paradoxically, during the peak of the Flemish immigration to Wallonia in the 19th century: "That period saw an efflorescence of Walloon literature, plays and poems primarily, and the founding of many theaters and periodicals."[39] The New York Public Library possesses a surprisingly large drove of literary works in Walloon, quite possibly the largest exterior Kingdom of belgium, and its holding are representative of the output. Out of about a thousand, twenty-half-dozen were published earlier 1880. Thereafter the numbers rise gradually year past year, reaching a peak of sixty-9 in 1903, then they fall again, down to 11 in 1913. See 'Switching Languages', p. 153. Yves Quairiaux counted 4800 plays for 1860–1914, published or not. In this menses plays were well-nigh the only popular show in Wallonia. But this theater remains popular in the nowadays-day Wallonia: Theater is still flourishing, with over 200 non-professional companies playing in the cities and villages of Wallonia for an audience of over 200,000 each twelvemonth.[xl] There are links between French literature and (the very small) Walloon literature. For case Raymond Queneau prepare Editions Gallimard the publication of a Walloon Poets' album. Ubu roi was translated in Walloon by André Blavier ( an important pataphysician of Verviers, friend of Queneau), for the new and important Puppets theater of Liège of Jacques Ancion, the Al Botroûle theater "at the umbilical string" in Walloon indicating a desire to return to the source (according to Joan Cross). But Jacques Ancion wanted to develop a regular adult audience. From the 19th century, he included the Walloon play Tati 50'Pèriquî by Eastward.Remouchamps and the avant-garde Ubu roi by A.Jarry.[41] For Jean-Marie Klinkenberg, "the dialectal civilization is no more than a sign of attachment to the past but a style to participate to a new synthesis".[42]

In French [edit]

Jean-Marie Klinkenberg (member of the Groupe µ) wrote that Wallonia, and literature in Wallonia, has been present in French language since its formation.[43] In their 'Histoire illustrée des lettres française de Belgique', Charlier and Hanse (editors), La Renaissance du livre, Bruxelles, 1958, published 247 pages (on 655 ), about the "French" literature in the Walloon provinces (or Walloon principalities of the Heart-Age, sometimes also Flemish provinces and principalities), for a period from the 11th to the 18th century. Among the works or the authors,the Sequence of Saint Eulalia (9th century), La Vie de Saint Léger (10th century), Jean Froissart (14th century in the County of Hainaut), Jean d'Outremeuse, Jean Lebel, Jean Lemaire de Belges (16th century from Bavay), the Prince of Ligne (18th century, Beloeil). In that location is a Walloon Surrealism,[44] particularly in Hainaut Province. Charles Plisnier (1896–1952), born in Mons, won the Prix Goncourt in 1936, for his novel Mariages and for Imitation Passeports (curt stories denouncing Stalinism, in the aforementioned spirit as Arthur Koestler). He was the first foreigner to receive this honor. The Walloon Georges Simenon is probable the near widely read French-speaking writer in the earth, according to the Tribune de Genève.[45] [46] More than 500 million of his books have been sold, and they have been translated into 55 languages. There is a link between the Jean Louvet's work and the social issues in Wallonia.[47]

In Picard [edit]

Picard is spoken in Hainaut Province of western Belgium. Notable Belgian authors who wrote in Picard include Géo Libbrecht, Paul Mahieu, Paul André, Francis Couvreur and Florian Duc.

Herri Met de Blès, Landscape with the Fire of Sodom, 21.5 x 33 cm, c. 1526–1550, Musée des Arts anciens du Namurois, Namur. This landscape is like to the Meuse between Dinant and Namur

Mosan art, painting, architecture [edit]

Mosan art is a regional manner of Romanesque art from the Meuse river valley in present-day Wallonia, and the Rhineland, with manuscript illumination, metalwork, and enamel work from the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries. Among them is the masterpiece of Renier de Huy and peradventure of the whole Mosan art Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège. The architecture of Roman churches of the Walloon country are as well named mosan, exemplified by the Collegiate Church of Saint Gertrude in Nivelles, and the churches of Waha and Hastière, Dinant. The Ornamental brassware is likewise a role of the Mosan fine art and among these dinandiers Hugo d'Oignies and Nicholas of Verdun.

Jacques du Broeucq was a sculptor of the 16th century.

Flemish art was not confined to the boundaries of modern Flanders and several leading artists came from or worked in areas in which langues d'oïl were spoken, from the region of modern Wallonia, east.thou. Robert Campin, Rogier van der Weyden (Rogier de la Pasture) and Jacques Daret. Joachim Patinir Henri Blès are generally called mosan painters. Lambert Lombard (Liège, 1505 – 1566) was a Renaissance painter, architect and theorist for the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. Gérard de Lairesse, Bertholet Flemalle were also important painters in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.

Gustave Serrurier-Bovy (Liège, 1858 – Antwerp, 1910)[48] architect and furniture designer, credited (along with Paul Hankar, Victor Horta and Henry van de Velde) with creating the Fine art Nouveau style, coined as a way in Paris by Bing.[49] And in Liège as well, principally Jean Del Cour, the sculptor of the Virgin in Vinâve d'Island, Léon Mignon the sculptor of Li Tore and Louis Jéhotte of the statue of Charlemagne.

George Grard (1901—1984) was a Walloon sculptor, known above all for his representations of the female person, in the fashion of Pierre Renoir and Aristide Maillol, modelled in clay or plaster, and bandage in bronze.

During the 19th and 20th centuries many original romantic, expressionist and surrealist Wallon painters emerged, including Félicien Rops, Paul Delvaux, Pierre Paulus, Fernand Verhaegen, Antoine Wiertz, René Magritte ... The avant-garde CoBrA motility appeared in the 1950s.

Music [edit]

At that place was an important musical life in Prince-Bishopric of Liège since the beginning. Betwixt 1370 and 1468 flourished a school of music in Liège, with Johannes Brassart, Johannes de Sarto and firstly Johannes Ciconia, the third Master of Ars Nova.[l]

The song music of the so-chosen Franco-Flemish School developed in the southern role of the Low Countries and was an of import contribution to Renaissance culture. Robert Wangermée and Philippe Mercier wrote in their encyclopedic volume about the Walloon music that Liège, Cambrai and Hainaut Province played a leading office in the so-called Franco-Flemish School.[51]

Amidst them were Orlande de Lassus, Gilles Binchois, Guillaume Dufay In the 19th and 20th centuries, there was an emergence of major violinists, such equally Henri Vieuxtemps, Eugène Ysaÿe (author of the unique opera in Walloon during the 20th century Piére li houyeû – Pierre the miner – based on a real incident which occurred in 1877 during a miners' strike in the Liège region), and Arthur Grumiaux, while Adolphe Sax (born in Dinant) invented the saxophone in 1846. The composer César Franck was born in Liège in 1822, Guillaume Lekeu in Verviers. More than recently, André Souris (1899–1970) was associated with Surrealism. Zap Mama is a more than international group.[52]

Henri Pousseur is more often than not regarded as a member of the Darmstadt Schoolhouse in the 1950s. Pousseur's music employs serialism, mobile forms, and aleatory, often mediating betwixt or among seemingly irreconcilable styles, such as those of Schubert and Webern (Votre Faust), or Pousseur's ain serial style and the protestation song "We shall overcome" (Couleurs croisées). He was strongly linked to the social strikes in Liège during the 1960s.[53] He worked too with the French writer Michel Butor.

Cinema [edit]

Walloon films are often characterized by social realism. It is perhaps the reason why the documentary Misère au Borinage, and especially its co-director Henri Storck, is considered by Robert Stallaerts as the father of the Walloon movie theater. He wrote: "Although a Fleming, he can be chosen the father of the Walloon movie theater.".[54] For F. André betwixt Misère au Borinage and the films similar those of the Dardenne brothers (since 1979), at that place is Déjà due south'envole la fleur maigre (1960) (too shot in the Borinage),[55] a motion picture regarded as a point of reference in the history of the cinema.[56] Like those of the Dardenne brothers, Thierry Michel, Jean-Jacques Andrien, Benoît Mariage, or, e.yard. the social documentaries of Patric Jean, the director of Les enfants du Borinage writing his pic as a letter of the alphabet to Henri Storck. On the other hand, films such every bit Thierry Zéno'south Vase de noces (1974), Mireille in the life of the others past Jean-Marie Buchet (1979), C'est arrivé près de chez vous (English title: Human being bites dog) past Rémy Belvaux and André Bonzel (1992) and the works of Noël Godin and Jean-Jacques Rousseau are influenced by surrealism, absurdism and black one-act. The films of the Dardenne brothers are also inspired by the Bible and Le Fils for instance is regarded equally ane of the most spiritually pregnant films.[57]

Festivals [edit]

The Ducasse de Mons (Walloon French for Kermesse), is one of the UNESCO Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. It comprises two important parts: the procession, the descent and the ascent of the shrine of Waltrude, and the combat between Saint George and the dragon. The combat (afterward the procession), plays out on the Trinity Sunday between 12:30 pm and 1:00 pm on the Mons's cardinal square. It represents the fight between Saint George (the practiced) and the dragon (the evil). The dragon is a mannequin carried and moved by the white men (fr:Hommes blancs). The dragon fights Saint George by attacking with his tail. Saint George on his horse turns clockwise and the dragon turns in the other direction. Saint George finally kills the dragon.

The Gilles of Binche and the giants' procession in Ath are also UNESCO Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

Cuisine [edit]

Wallonia is famous for a number of different foods and drinks, a great many of which are specialties of certain cities or regions. The Liège waffle a rich, dumbo, sweetness, and chewy waffle native to Liège, is the virtually popular blazon of waffle in Kingdom of belgium, and can be found in stores and even vending machines throughout the country. Cougnou, or the bread of Jesus, is a sweet breadstuff typically eaten around Christmas time and institute throughout the region.

Other specialties include Herve cheese, an apple butter called sirop de Liège, the Garden strawberry of Wépion. Too notable is the Dinant specialty Flamiche: These cheese tarts are not plant in window displays every bit they are meant to be eaten straight from the oven. Equally 1 restaurateur stated in a book about Walloon gastronomy "information technology is the customer who waits for the flamiche, as the flamiche does non wait for the client".[58] There are also the Ardennes ham,[59] the tarte al djote from Nivelles, a dessert pie made with beet leaves and cheese,[sixty] while tarte au riz is a rice-pudding filled pie from Verviers.

In terms of drink, Wallonia mirrors Kingdom of belgium as a whole; beer and vino are both popular, and a swell variety of beers are made and enjoyed in Wallonia. Installed in Bierghes in the Senne valley, the Gueuzerie Tilquin is the only gueuze blendery in Wallonia. Wallonia boasts three of the seven Trappist beers (from Chimay, Orval and Rochefort) in addition to a smashing number of other locally brewed beers. Wallonia is as well home to the last bastion of traditional rustic saison, most notably those produced at the Brasserie de Dizzy and the Brasserie Dupont (located in Tourpes, in the region of Western Hainaut Province historically known for its product of rustic farmhouse ales). Jupiler, the acknowledged beer in Belgium, is brewed in Jupille-sur-Meuse in Liège. Wallonia also dwelling house to a Jenever chosen Peket, and a May vino called Maitrank.

Transportation [edit]

Airports [edit]

The ii largest cities in Wallonia each accept an airport. The Brussels Due south Charleroi Airport has become an important rider aerodrome, especially with depression fares companies such as Ryanair or Wizzair. It serves every bit a low-cost culling to Brussels Airport, and information technology saw 7 303 720 passengers in 2016. The Liège Airport is specialized in freight, although it also operates tourist-oriented charter flights. Today, Liège is the 8th airdrome for European freight and aims to reach the 5th rank in the next decade.

Railways, motorways, buses [edit]

TEC is the unmarried public transit potency for all of Wallonia, operating buses and trams. Charleroi is the sole Walloon city to have a metro system, the Charleroi Pre-metro.

Wallonia has an all-encompassing and well-developed rail network, served by the Belgian National Railway Company, SNCB.

Wallonia'due south numerous motorways autumn within the scope of the TransEuropean Send network programme (X-T). This priority program run by the European Union provides more than lxx,000 km of ship infrastructure, including motorways, limited rail lines and roadways, and has been developed to carry substantial volumes of traffic.[61]

Waterways [edit]

With traffic of over 20 million tonnes and 26 kilometres of quays, the autonomous port of Liège (PAL) is the third largest inland port in Europe.[62] It carries out the management of 31 ports along the Meuse and the Albert Canal. It is accessible to sea and river transporters weighing upward to ii,500 tonnes, and to push two-clomp convoys (4,500 tonnes, soon to be raised to 9,000 tonnes). Even if Wallonia does not have direct access to the body of water, it is very well connected to the major ports thanks to an extensive network of navigable waterways that pervades Kingdom of belgium, and it has effective river connections to Antwerp, Rotterdam and Dunkirk.[63]

On the due west side of Wallonia, in Hainaut Province, the Strépy-Thieu boat lift, permits river traffic of up to the new 1350-tonne standard to pass between the waterways of the Meuse and Scheldt rivers. Completed in 2002 at an estimated cost of €160 million (so 6.iv billion Belgian francs) the lift has increased river traffic from 256 kT in 2001 to 2,295 kT in 2006.

International relations [edit]

Trade [edit]

The Walloon Export and Foreign Investment Bureau (AWEX) is the Wallonia Region of Belgium's government bureau in accuse of foreign trade promotion and strange investment attraction.[64]

The AWEX organizes regular trade missions to the promising marketplace of Kazakhstan, where it has a representative office in Almaty. In 2017, the AWEX together with the Flanders Investment and Merchandise brought a delegation of xxx companies to Astana and Almaty, the two largest cities in Kazakhstan.[65]

Twin towns and sister cities [edit]

Come across also [edit]

  • History of coal mining
  • Manifesto for Walloon culture
  • Huguenots

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b "be.STAT". Bestat.statbel.fgov.exist.
  2. ^ a b "Structuur van de bevolking | Statbel". Statbel.fgov.be.
  3. ^ "Vlaamse overheid – Taalwetwijzer – Wetgeving". Vlaanderen.exist.
  4. ^ The Belgian Constitution (PDF). Brussels, Belgium: Belgian House of Representatives. May 2014. p. five. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2015. Retrieved x September 2015. Article 3: Belgium comprises three Regions: the Flemish region, the Walloon Region and the Brussels Region. Article iv: Belgium comprises four linguistic regions: the Dutch-speaking region, the French-speaking region, the bilingual region of Brussels-Majuscule and the German-speaking region.
  5. ^ "BBC – Languages – Languages". Bbc.co.u.k..
  6. ^ "Gouvernement de Wallonie". Wallonie.be . Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  7. ^ For example, the CIA World Factbook states Wallonia is the short form and Walloon Region is the long form. The Invest in Wallonia website Archived 2009-09-08 at the Wayback Car and the Belgian federal government Archived 2009-02-21 at the Wayback Machine utilize the term Wallonia when referring to the Walloon Region.
  8. ^ "Walloon". Etymonline.com.
  9. ^ "Welsh | Etymology, origin and pregnant of the name Welsh past etymonline". Etymonline.com . Retrieved 28 Feb 2022.
  10. ^ (French) Albert Henry, Histoire des mots Wallons et Wallonie, Institut Jules Destrée [fr], Coll. «Notre histoire», Mont-sur-Marchienne, 1990, 3rd ed. (1st ed. 1965), foodnote 13 p. 86.
  11. ^ Dawson, P. 50. Kessler and Edward. "Kingdoms of the Barbarians - Celtic Tribes". Historyfiles.co.britain . Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  12. ^ Footnote: In medieval French, the give-and-take Liégeois referred to all the inhabitants of the Principality vis-à-vis the other inhabitants of the Low-countries, the give-and-take Walloons being just used for the French-speaking inhabitants vis-à-vis the other inhabitants of the Principality. Stengers, Jean (1991). "Depuis quand les Liégeois sont-ils des Wallons?". In Hasquin, Hervé (ed.). Hommages à la Wallonie [mélanges offerts à Maurice Arnould et Pierre Ruelle] (in French). Brussels: éditions de l'ULB. pp. 431–447.
  13. ^ a b (in French) Maurice Delbouille Romanité d'oïl Les origines : la langue – les plus anciens textes in La Wallonie, le pays et les hommes Tome I (Lettres, arts, culture), La Renaissance du Livre, Bruxelles,1977, pp.99–107.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g "A immature region with a long history (from 57BC to 1831)". Gateway to the Walloon Region. Walloon Region. 2007-01-22. Archived from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2009-01-thirteen .
  15. ^ Kramer, pg. 59, citing Chiliad. Gysseling (1962). "La genèse de la frontière linguistique dans le Nord de la Gaule". Revue du Nord (in French). 44 (173): 5–38, in particular 17. doi:10.3406/rnord.1962.2410.
  16. ^ a b "Wallonie : une région en Europe" (in French). Ministère de la Région wallonne. Retrieved September 29, 2007.
  17. ^ a b "The region asserts itself (from 1840 to 1970)". Gateway to the Walloon Region. 2007-01-22. Archived from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2009-01-14 .
  18. ^ "Belgium: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". Archived from the original on March 28, 2006.
  19. ^ "HOUILLE : Définition de HOUILLE". cnrtl.fr.
  20. ^ Allan H. Kittel, "The Revolutionary Period of the Industrial Revolution", Journal of Social History, Vol. I,n° 2 (Winter 1967), pp. 129–130.
  21. ^ Philippe Destatte, 50'identité wallonne, Institut Destrée, Charleroi, 1997, pages 49–l ISBN 2-87035-000-seven
  22. ^ "Welcome". erih.net. Archived from the original on 2013-07-31.
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  24. ^ "Wallonia battles wasteland image". BBC News. October 6, 2008. Retrieved September 27, 2009.
  25. ^ According to La Libre Belgique on 26 Baronial 2010: 9.viii meg visitors in 2009 (two.8 in Brussels), six% of the regional economy (15% in Brussels)
  26. ^ "AGC Flat Glass: Leadership through innovation". Uwe.be.
  27. ^ "Carmeuse: expansion through partnership and knowledge". Uwe.be. Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2008-xi-11 .
  28. ^ "IBA's growth still accelerating". Uwe.exist. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2008-11-11 .
  29. ^ "Sonaca: Increasing visibility in North America". Uwe.exist. Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2008-xi-11 .
  30. ^ "Regional Gdp per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the European union average in 2018". Eurostat.
  31. ^ "Official Website of the Walloon Region". Archived from the original on 2008-06-11. Retrieved 2009-03-26 .
  32. ^ There is also a mention of Wallonie in 1825 : (in French) « les Germains, au contraire, réservant pour eux seuls le noble nom de Franks, s'obstinaient, dès le onzième siècle, à ne plus voir de Franks dans la Gaule, qu'ils nommaient dédaigneusement Wallonie, terre des Wallons ou des Welsches » Augustin Thierry, Histoire de la conquête de 50'Angleterre par les Normands, Éd. Firmin Didot, Paris, 1825, tome 1, p. 155. read online
  33. ^ (in French) Albert Henry, Histoire des mots Wallons et Wallonie, Institut Jules Destrée, Coll. «Notre histoire», Mont-sur-Marchienne, 1990, 3rd ed. (1st ed. 1965), p. 12.
  34. ^ (in French) «C'est cette année-là [1886] que naît le mot Wallonie, dans son sens politique d'affidavit culturelle régionale, lorsque le Liégeois Albert Mockel crée une revue littéraire sous ce nom» Philippe Destatte, Fifty'identité wallonne p. 32.
  35. ^ La préhistoire latine du mot Wallonie in Luc Courtois, Jean-Pierre Delville, Françoise Rosart & Guy Zélis (editors), Images et paysages mentaux des XIXe et XXe siècles de la Wallonie à l'Outre-Mer, Hommage au professeur Jean Pirotte à fifty'occasion de son éméritat, Academia Bruylant, Presses Universitaires de fifty'UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve, 2007, pp. 35–48 ISBN 978-2-87209-857-half-dozen, p. 47
  36. ^ "AllStates Flag Co., Inc". Allstates-flag.com. Retrieved 2022-02-27 .
  37. ^ a b lesoir.be (28 January 2016). "75% des francophones revendiquent une identité religieuse". lesoir.be. Archived from the original on 31 January 2016. Retrieved 2017-06-05 .
  38. ^ "La Constitution belge (Art. iv)" (in French). the Belgian Senate. May 2007. Retrieved 2009-01-xviii . La Belgique comprend quatre régions linguistiques : la région de langue française, la région de langue néerlandaise, la région bilingue de Bruxelles-Capitale et la région de langue allemande.
  39. ^ 'Switching Languages', Translingual Writers Reflect on Their Arts and crafts, Edited by Steven Yard. Kellman Lincoln: University of Nebraska Printing, 2003, p. 153. ISBN 978-0-8032-2747-7
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  41. ^ Joan Gross, Speaking in Other Voices: An Ethnography of Walloon Puppet Theaters. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Press, 2001, ISBN ane-58811-054-0
  42. ^ Benoît Denis et Jean-Marie Klinkenberg, Littérature : entre insularité et activisme in Le Tournant des années 1970. Liège en effervescence, Les Impressions nouvelles, Bruxelles, 2010, pp. 237–253, p. 252. French : Ancion monte l'Ubu rwèen 1975 (...) la civilisation dialectalisante cesse d'être une marque de passéisme cascade participer à une nouvelle synthèse...
  43. ^ Histoire de la Wallonie, Privat Toulouse, 2004, ISBN 2-7089-4779-6 p. 220. French: Le latin apporté en Gaule par les légions romaines avait fini par éclater en de multiples dialectes (...) peu à peu, pour répondre aux besoins des pouvoirs publics et religieux se forme une langue standard. Dans ce processus qui aboutira à l'élaboration du français, la Wallonie est présente dès les premières heures.
  44. ^ An Paenhuysen Surrealism in the Provinces. Flemish and Walloon Identity in the Interwar period in Image&Narrative, north° xiii, Leuven November, 2005
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  48. ^ "Gustave Serrurier-Bovy | artnet". Artnet.com.
  49. ^ Your Antique Article of furniture Guide, Fine art Nouveau in Belgium, Efi-costarica.com
  50. ^ French Le troisième grand Maître de l'Ars Nova in Robert Wangermée et Philippe Mercier, La musique en Wallonie et à Bruxelles, La Renaissance du livre, Bruxelles, 1980, Tome I, pp. 37–40.
  51. ^ Robert Wangermée et Philippe Mercier, La musique en Wallonie et à Bruxelles, La Renaissance du livre, Bruxelles, 1980, Tome I, p. 10.
  52. ^ Wangermée, Robert (1995). Dictionnaire de la chanson en Wallonie et à Bruxelles. ISBN9782870096000.
  53. ^ The "Trois Visages de Liege", (...) full of provocative sound collages [evokes..] non only moments in sonic civic history, but the sounds of its historical events besides: mutiny strikes and their ensuing violence in 1960, protests against new laws beingness enacted, etc. See Acousmatrix four: Scambi/Trois Visages de Liege/Paraboles Mix
  54. ^ Historical dictionary of Belgium (Scarecrow printing, 1999, p. 191 ISBN 0-8108-3603-three).
  55. ^ Cinéma wallon et réalité particulière, in TOUDI, northward° 49/fifty, septembre-octobre 2002, p.13.
  56. ^ "les films repères dans l'histoire du cinéma". autourdu1ermai.fr.
  57. ^ "The Arts & Faith Top 100 Films". Artsandfaith.com.
  58. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-08-19. Retrieved 2010-06-16 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  59. ^ "Ardenne Ham". Practicallyedible.com . Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  60. ^ The Simon and Schuster international pocket food guide, 1981.
  61. ^ "AWEX". Investinwallonia.be . Retrieved 28 February 2022.
  62. ^ "Liege port authority". Liege.port-autonome.be. Archived from the original on 2011-05-xiv. Retrieved 2010-01-24 .
  63. ^ "Qui sommes-nous? – logistics in Wallonia". Logisticsinwallonia.be.
  64. ^ "AWEX (WALLONIA Strange Trade AND INVESTMENT Agency)". Skywin.be.
  65. ^ "Economic cooperation between Kazakhstan and Kingdom of belgium discussed in Brussels". Mfa.kz.
  66. ^ "ベルギー3地域と「友好交流及び相互協力に関する覚書」を締結". Pref.aichi.jp . Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  67. ^ "Maryland Sister States Program". Maryland Secretary of State . Retrieved 28 February 2022.

Further reading [edit]

  • Johannes Kramer (1984). Zweisprachigkeit in den Benelux-ländern (in German). Buske Verlag. ISBN978-3-87118-597-7.

External links [edit]

Media related to Wallonia at Wikimedia Commons

  • www.wallonie.be
  • Logistics in Wallonia
  • Tourism in Wallonia
  • Musique en Wallonie Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  • Walloon composers (French)

Coordinates: 50°30′Due north iv°45′E  /  50.500°Due north 4.750°East  / 50.500; 4.750

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia

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